StudentShare
Contact Us
Sign In / Sign Up for FREE
Search
Go to advanced search...
Free

Sex Differences in Well Being: Research by Julie Pallant - Coursework Example

Cite this document
Summary
The paper "Sex Differences in Well Being: Research by Julie Pallant" focuses on the critical analysis of the replication of Julie Pallant's research titled Sex Differences in Well Being. The focus was on the importance of reporting effect size and the value of replicating research…
Download full paper File format: .doc, available for editing
GRAB THE BEST PAPER94.9% of users find it useful
Sex Differences in Well Being: Research by Julie Pallant
Read Text Preview

Extract of sample "Sex Differences in Well Being: Research by Julie Pallant"

? Sex Differences in well-being: A replication of Research Published by Julie Pallant Insert Pallant’s research was replicated; the focus was the importance of reporting effect size and the value of replicating research. The participants were males and females, mixed ages, recruited using opportunistic sampling. The sample quota was determined by running a power analysis. Significant results were found in both studies but there was a different effect size, which shows reporting effect size, has value as it supports the importance of replicating research and the reporting of effect size to provide a fuller picture of the results of research. Maybe this has implications for differentiating stress management programs according to gender. Introduction A result is considered statistically significant if it was not likely to happen by chance. This implies that a statistically significant test is one, which has assuring proof and can be explained. This research was done putting more focus on effect size and statistical significance. The report below gives a description of the investigation on sex difference and well-being while replicating the research done by Julie Pallant. Sample size is an important component of statistical significance in that larger samples have less mishap chances, a debate that is still ongoing. There is growing debate about the validity of significance testing for example Bakan(1966)concluded that “the test of statistical significance in psychological research may be taken as an instance of a kind of mindlessness in the conduct of research” (p .436). The level at which one can accept whether an event is statistically significant is known as the impact level or p-value. There are two forms of errors in statistical testing type I and type II .A type 1 error is also referred to as error of the first class. This is the wrong decision that occurs when a test discards a true or null hypothesis. The rate of the type I error is called the size of the test and denoted by the Greek letter ? (alpha) and it often equals to the significance level of a test. On the other hand, a type II error is the wrong decision that is made when a test accepts a false null hypothesis. The rate of the type II error is signified by the Greek letter ? (beta) and associated to the power of a test (which equals 1 ? ?). Neale and Liebert considered that a single study has a limited capacity for findings to be generalized. (Neale and Liebert, 1986 cited in Thompson, B), because there are too many substitute explanations which can be offered thus it establishes the need for research to be replicated, and justifies the current research (i.e. ours!). Fisher’s alpha level was set by arbitrary agreement, and that now there is a growing opinion that just refuting the null hypothesis is insufficient, “unsound, poor scientific strategy” (Meehl, 1978 cited in Dunleavy, Barr, Glenn and Miller: 29), There is greater emphasis on reporting effect size with Clark saying that statistical tests did not give researchers enough information (Clark cited in Carver 1978). Carver (1978) said alternative methods to statistical tests should be considered. The aim of this research is to replicate Pallant’s research and this will add additional data to either support or question Pallant’s finding of a genuine effect. Thus, the question this research sets to answer is, can Pallant’s well being research and results be replicated using effect size data from the original study? Thus, the following steps will explain the replication of Pallant’s research; Design Pallant’s research was the design for the current study, and as with Pallant’s study two measures were used, the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) and the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). The study was a group differences design The independent variable (IV) was the sex of the participant. This had two levels – male and female. The dependent variables (DVs) were scores on self-report measures of positive effect, negative effect, and perceived stress. The quota system was used and was estimated by calculating effect size d from the means found in Pallant’s study for males and females on their levels of perceived stress and then performing a power analysis to estimate required sample size (Bakan, 1966). As for the participants, through the quota sampling we worked out the number of participants needed from Pallant’s study by calculating the effect size d from the mean found in Pallant’s study then performing a power analysis to estimate required sample size. This was teamwork in general, with everyone contributing in collecting the data. Based on this estimate, data from 137 males and 185 females was collected. Age ranged from 18 to 79 with a mean of 32.44 (SD = 12.85). Ethical guidelines were adhered to. The participants gave informed consent, their right to withdraw was explained and all participants were debriefed. All participants completed both the PANAS and the PSS and no one withdrew their consent. Materials In this research, we used the same measures as Pallant’s used in her research. One being the positive and negative affect schedule (PANAS) by Watson et al. 1988. This scale is made up of two mood scales, one measuring affirmative affect and the other measuring negative effect. Each item is rated on a 5-point degree ranging from 1 = very faintly or not at all to 5 = exceedingly to point out the degree to which the respondent has felt this way in the designated time frame. The scale has been used to measure effect at this moment, today, the past few days, the past week, the past few weeks, the past year, and generally (on average). The second scale used was the perceived stress scale (PSS) by Sheldon Cohen. The scale measures the extent to which circumstances in one’s life are considered stressful. There is also a quantity of direct reservations about present levels of experienced stress. The perceived stress scale had 10 questions. It should be noted that both the PANAS and PSS are Likert scales and both scales set out to measure the stress level in the lives of the participants and the daily lives effect in relation to stress (Elliot & Steven, p. 142 .2011). Procedure The data was collected by a team, which first set out to get the consent of the participants. The participants were briefed of what was expected of them and how much of their time the research would probably consume. Anyone not in agreement or did not want to do the research was allowed to return a blank questionnaires and that by filling the information on the questionnaires they gave us the researchers permission to use the information as we desired. The team then collected the data and fulfilled the quota needed for the research. The data was then put into SPSS. Results Pallant’s findings: 184 Males; 247 Females Wellbeing: F (3, 427) Wilks’ Lambda = 3.46, p = .016, ?2p = .024. Positive Affect: Males: M = 33.63 (6.99); Females: M = 33.63 (7.39). F (1, 429) < 0.01, p = .997, d < .01. Negative Affect: Males: M = 18.71 (6.90); Females: M = 19.91 (7.09). F (1, 429) = 3.09, p = .079, d = .17. Perceived Stress: Males: M = 25.79 (5.41); Females: M = 27.41 (6.09). F (1, 429) = 8.25, p = .004, d = .28. Given that there were three dependent variables designed to measure a construct of ‘wellbeing’, the data were inspected to determine whether they satisfied the assumptions for multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA). There was an adequate sample size as there were more cases in each cell than there were DVs. The data were normally distributed and there were no univariate or multivariate outliers (Carver, 1978). There was a straight line relationship between each pair of DVs indicating linearity of relationship. There were only moderate relationships between the DVs; thus there was no concern for multicollinearity and singularity. Box’s M test indicated that there was homogeneity of variance-covariance matrices and Levene’s tests indicated that there was homogeneity of variance for all three DVs. Having satisfied these assumptions, a one-way MANOVA was performed on the data. Our findings: 137Males; 185 Females Wellbeing: F (3, 318) Wilks’ Lambda = 10.19, p Read More
Cite this document
  • APA
  • MLA
  • CHICAGO
(“Sex Differences in Well Being: Research Published by Julie Pallant Coursework”, n.d.)
Retrieved from https://studentshare.org/psychology/1441936--sex-differences-in-wellbeing-a-replication-of
(Sex Differences in Well Being: Research Published by Julie Pallant Coursework)
https://studentshare.org/psychology/1441936--sex-differences-in-wellbeing-a-replication-of.
“Sex Differences in Well Being: Research Published by Julie Pallant Coursework”, n.d. https://studentshare.org/psychology/1441936--sex-differences-in-wellbeing-a-replication-of.
  • Cited: 0 times

CHECK THESE SAMPLES OF Sex Differences in Well Being: Research by Julie Pallant

Anthropology: How Religious Studies Facilitate Well-being during Adulthood

The logic that they have shown in their religious research is that religion is a source of inspiration that motivates young adults learn their religious, as well as social limitations.... The reason that he gave in ethics and education-based research was that religion helps young adults develop good peer relationships at schools, which helps them develop a kind and friendly personality.... [Your full name] [Instructor's full name] July 21, 2012 Anthropology: How Religious Studies Facilitate Well-being During Adulthood?...
4 Pages (1000 words) Research Paper

The Early Life of Marie Curie

research Paper on Marie Curie Author's Name Institutional Affiliation Abstract Marie Curie is a lifelong legend, who left a great legacy for the benefit of the generations after her.... Marie spent most of her entire life in France, married scientist Pierre Curie, got two kids (Irene and Eve), and devoted her life to scientific research that led to her discovery, and two Nobel prize awards in physics and chemistry.... Keywords: Marie Curie, Pierre Curie, Discoveries, Radium and Polonium, Russian Government, Warsaw, Paris, Sorbonne, Nobel Prize, Radium Institute, Science, research , Laboratory, X Ray, Nuclear Introduction Marie Curie is one of the greatest role models for women in the contemporary world....
16 Pages (4000 words) Research Paper

Examination of the Effectiveness of Online Learning as Compared to Traditional Classroom Learning

The study will involve comparing student achievement levels using quantitative analysis of academic results and qualitative survey findings but the qualitative component will in addition seek to identify if there are any underlying differences in student interest and motivation.... This research proposal applies a mixed method to provide an "Examination of the effectiveness of online learning as compared to traditional classroom learning" in terms of academic achievement....
21 Pages (5250 words) Research Proposal

Sex & Aging

sex, in a person, is related to the play of hormones and psychological drives.... There are frequent discussions among the psychologists about sex and the… Age plays a significant role in the sexual life of a man and a woman.... It is the major factor that leads him or her to attain a balanced life....
5 Pages (1250 words) Research Paper

Subjective Well-Being

?? Much research has been conducted on subjective well-being since Corey Keyes notes: “Well-being has been a paramount concern of thinkers since ancient times as witnessed in much of Greek philosophical writings.... The inclusion of these factors makes later research more extensive and reliable because it incorporates new aspects never before considered.... The issue of subjective well-being has been around for a long time; however, the scientific research started after World War II....
20 Pages (5000 words) Research Paper

An Investigation into Gender Differences in Self-Esteem by Julie Conlon

 This paper investigated gender differences in the self-esteem of 10 male and female undergraduate university students aged 18 to 49.... In Borders' (1995) study, she examined the differences in the self-concept levels of sixth- through eighth-grade students in relation to gender....  Prior to the administration of the RSE questionnaire, the respondents were oriented about the nature of the study, given a consent form and assured of the confidentiality of the research findings....
7 Pages (1750 words) Research Paper

Sex Differences in Well-Being

This research paper "sex differences in well-Being" gives a description of the investigation on sex difference and well-being while replicating the research done by Julie Pallant.... nbsp;… The research shows that pallant's findings were not completely stable which justifies the replication of such studies to ensure genuine results.... nbsp;This research was done putting more focus on effect size and statistical significance.... There is a growing debate about the validity of significance testing for example Bakan(1966)concluded that “the test of statistical significance in psychological research may be taken as an instance of a kind of mindlessness in the conduct of research” (p ....
8 Pages (2000 words) Research Paper

The Play Miss Julie

This research will begin with the statement that the play “Miss julie” serves as a beautiful naturalistic drama created by A.... Miss julie is the protagonist character in the play under examination, where all the play revolves around her character.... This potholed situation looks the outcome of the socialization process she had experienced under the supervision of her commanding mother, who not only abhorred the male folk but also trained julie by teaching her to keep the males under her command and sway in one way or the other....
5 Pages (1250 words) Research Paper
sponsored ads
We use cookies to create the best experience for you. Keep on browsing if you are OK with that, or find out how to manage cookies.
Contact Us